Journal of Student Research 2014

Journal of Student Research

becomes more pronounced with age, and further research into these populations is needed to be conclusive. Further investigation into the differences among studies with conflicting findings is needed, and future research on the bilingual advantage should be mindful of the factors discussed in this study (SES, age, culture versus language entanglement, etc.). Future research could also include a language distance scale such as that discussed earlier to see if language distance has an effect on EF. In conclusion, either bilingual advantages are real but more likely more limited than previously thought, and failure to replicate them is due to methodological differences between studies, or bilingual advantages are artifacts, and the EF advantage stems from other lurking variables. With the current available evidence it is premature to conclude one way or another; additional research on bilingualism is needed to understand the possible cognitive advantages it presents. References Barkley, A. R. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin ,121(1), 65-94. Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I., Klein, R., & Viswanathan, M. (2004). Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: Evidence from the Simon task. Psychology and Aging ,19(2), 290. Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I., & Freedman, M. (2007). Bilingualism as a protection against the onset of symptoms of dementia. Neuropsychologia , 45(2), 459-464. Bialystok, E., & Craik, F. I. (2010). Cognitive and linguistic processing in the bilingual mind. Current Directions in Psychological Science , 19(1), 19-23. Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Doyle, A. E., Seidman, L. J., Wilens, T. E., Ferrero, F., ... & Faraone, S. V. (2004). Impact of executive function deficits and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on academic outcomes in children. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology , 72(5), 757. Carlson, S. M., & Choi, H. P. (2009, April). Bilingual and bicultural: Executive function in Korean and American children. In Paper presented at the 2009 biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Denver, Colorado. Chiswick, B. R., & Miller, P. W. (2005). Linguistic distance: A

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